-2%
Hormone therapy may be prescribed to correct imbalances affecting sperm production. Some medications—such as antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, and anti-androgens—may need to be adjusted or discontinued.
Male Infertility: Understanding, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Infertility is a challenge faced by many men and can significantly impact the ability to conceive. Since conception is a complex biological process involving both partners, various issues may prevent pregnancy. However, men with infertility still have hope—many treatments can improve their chances of fathering a child.
Care and Support
At leading medical centers such as the Cleveland Clinic, comprehensive care options are available, including:
- Male Infertility Treatment Programs
- Expert Consultations
- Specialist Appointments
Globally, infertility affects approximately 186 million people, with male factors contributing to around 50% of cases. In the U.S., about 10–15% of men seeking to conceive experience infertility issues.
A range of biological, medical, and environmental factors can contribute to male infertility, including:
- Sperm-related issues: Poor sperm shape, low sperm count (oligospermia), or no sperm (azoospermia).
- Genetic conditions: Such as Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy.
- Health conditions: Including diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders that target sperm.
- Infections: Such as epididymitis, orchitis, or sexually transmitted infections (e.g., gonorrhea, HIV).
- Varicoceles: Enlarged veins in the scrotum that impact sperm quality.
- Cancer treatments: Including chemotherapy, radiation, or testicular surgery.
- Hormonal imbalances: Affecting the brain’s hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
- Testicular injury or prior surgeries.
Risk Factors
Male infertility risk may increase if you:
- Are overweight or obese (BMI >25)
- Are aged 40 or above
- Have exposure to radiation or toxins (lead, pesticides, mercury)
- Use tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, or performance-enhancing drugs
- Have frequent exposure to heat (hot tubs, saunas, or prolonged sitting)
- Have a history of undescended testicles or varicoceles
- Use testosterone therapy or anabolic steroids
